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Life Talk!

10 Great Scientific Discoveries

gkisseberth

Germany

10 Great Scientific Discoveriesby Tamim Ansary

Technological breakthroughs get big press because they can give us new tools and toys. We feel technology's impact directly: wheels and gears, zippers and microchips-the list is endless. But where would technology be without scientific discovery?

Nowhere, I say. Technology marches on a highway laid down by those absent-minded geeks who merely figure out what's true. So what are the ten greatest scientific discoveries of all time? Here's my list:

1. The Pythagorean Theorem. It's a staple of high school geometry: in every right triangle, a2 + b2 = c2 , where and stand for the two short sides and c for the long. The first to prove this was (probably) the Greek philosopher Pythagoras in the 6th century bc. But it's not the theorem per se that matters; it's the bigger idea it reflected. Pythagoras taught that numbers were the real reality, that the core of the physical world was mathematical. That's why he went around telling everyone, 'Here's a pure idea that is true of every actual object of a certain shape.' Coupling physics to mathematics proved to be one of the most fruitful marriages of all time. Even now we regard a scientific theory as really reliable if it can be proven mathematically.2. The existence of microorganisms. In the late 1600s, when microscopes were new, Dutch lens maker Antoni van Leeuwenhoek scraped some plaque off his own teeth and looked at it through a microscope. Gasp! It was crawling with "animalcules." In fact, tiny creatures invisible to the naked eye abounded everywhere, he found. Less than two centuries later, knowledge of this invisible universe enabled Louis Pasteur to construct his "germ theory of disease,"which in turn enabled doctors to conquer a whole host of diseases: typhoid, typhus, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, smallpox tuberculosis, anthrax-the list goes on. The leading cause of death changed after that from infectious disease to heart disease, cancer, and "old age." SeeBacteria.3. The three laws of motion. Pythagoras would have been so proud ofIsaac Newton! More than any scientist in history, this 18th-century Englishman succeeded in reducing physics to mathematics. Newton came up with three laws to explain the motion of all objects in the universe, from runaway trains to orbiting planets. (He also invented differential calculus, explained gravity, and discovered the spectrum-not bad for one lifetime.)4. The structure of matter. In 1789, five years before he was beheaded by a guillotine, French chemist Antoine Lavoisier published a list of "elements"-substances that he said could not be broken down further by any chemical process. His list was incomplete and contained mistakes, but he was onto something. Building on his work, chemists developed our modern view that all matter can be broken down into just 109 elements, that all elements are made of atoms, and that all atoms are made of just three types of particles-protons, neutrons, and electrons.

5. The circulation of blood. Each person has a fixed amount of blood circulating throughout his or her system in one fixed direction. This fact, first discovered in the 12th century by an Arab doctor named Ibn al-Nafis, was rediscovered-for good, this time-by the 17th-century English doctor William Harvey. Harvey's work opened the floodgates to research a full understanding of the physiology of living bodies, human and animal. SeeCirculatory System.

6. Electrical currents. Ancient people knew about static electricity-rub something and it gives off a spark. They knew about lightning bolts-get struck by one and you're dead meat. But not till 19th-century scientists (such as Alessandro Volta) got electricity to flow did people become aware of this as a distinct force. Today, electricity powers everything from light bulbs to computers, of course. But the discovery of electricity is bigger than its practical applications. Once scientists knew about this force, they couldn't stop wondering what it was. That's when they discovered that electricity, magnetism, radio waves, and light are all different versions of one underlying force, a glue that holds the universe together.

7. The Evolution of Species. People used to think that every life form now on Earth was here from the start-that no new species had been born and none had ever changed. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, developed in the 19th century, revealed the dynamic nature of life on Earth. The word "theory" leads some to think that evolution itself remains controversial among scientists, but actually, no mainstream scientist doubts that old species die out and new ones come into being. It's only the exact mechanism of evolution that remains in play, and modified versions of Darwin's idea of evolution by random natural selection still dominate biological thought.

8. Genes. Gregor Mendel never described a gene, saw one, or used the word, yet this shy Austrian monk uncovered the principals of heredity simply by breeding snow peas, charting his results, and drawing brilliant conclusions. Mendel found that parents pass distinct traits to their offspring in combinations governed by predictable laws. Scientists soon decided some actual thing must carry these traits and coined the word "gene." Only in 1953, did Francis Crick and James Watson really figure out what genes are. That year, they discovered the structure of DNA, a molecule shaped like a twisted ladder and contained in every cell. Genes, it turns out, are the combinations of chemicals that form the "rungs" of this ladder. See Genetics.

Want More Tamim?Read other columns by Tamim Ansary.

9. The four laws of thermodynamics. In the 18th century, a series of scientists fromNicolas Carnot to Baron KelvinRudolf Clausius, and others found four laws, just four, that governed the transformation of energy into work in any system-a locomotive, a body, a bonfire, a solar system, the universe-you name it. Engineering and inventions, especially of heat-engines, could not have moved forward without knowledge of these laws, for anything that runs on fuel is bound by them. But the laws of thermodynamics have vast implications for the universe has a whole, not the least of which is this: The total amount of disorder is always increasing.

10. The dual nature of light. Newton learned that light behaves like a wave. Later, other scientists learned that light behaves like a stream of particles. So which is it-wave or particle? It can't be both-or can it? Early in the 20th century, Neils BohrMax PlanckAlbert Einstein, and others discovered that yes, light is both wave and particle.This paradox gave rise toquantum mechanics, the dominant achievement of 20th-century physics and our deepest current description of "what the universe is really made of." But the quantum picture of reality can't be "pictured." It goes against intuition and laughs at all our senses. The only way to understand the sub-subatomic world of quantum mechanics is mathematically—which brings us right back to Pythagoras.

07:50 PM Jul 03 2009 |

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gkisseberth

Germany

cool, do you think there should be different discoveries on the list?

03:55 PM Jul 04 2009 |

Zambuka

Zambuka

United States

really!! may be you will tell us about something new??? y the way i heard that the scientists found the medicine against the AIDS!!!

04:27 PM Jul 04 2009 |

Zambuka

Zambuka

United States

it works with animal , they just wanna try in on human…

04:28 PM Jul 04 2009 |

gkisseberth

Germany

yep, it was written for Encarta, and I think it's a pretty good list of important scientific discoveries. 

 

I know your view of evolution, but other than that, do you really think that some of these others are seriously being discussed as invalid or contradicted?  If so, which, and contradicted by what?

 

 

05:19 PM Jul 04 2009 |

javamanju

javamanju

India

Great….

The list contains some of the things I love reading about

Evolution , duality of light, laws of motion and Thermodynamics. being some of them.

I also like to read about space-time relation , black holes and time travel 

05:27 PM Jul 04 2009 |

gkisseberth

Germany

those very basic discoveries are the foundation for things like the study of black holes and time travel, et. I also like to read about those things on the fringes of science.

05:36 PM Jul 04 2009 |

javamanju

javamanju

India

those very basic discoveries are the foundation for things 

Yes, and some of these very basic theories(Evolution and gene theory) may help Humanity solve lots of  diseases 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution 

05:42 PM Jul 04 2009 |

konstka

konstka

Russian Federation

Yes, and some of these very basic theories(Evolution and gene theory) may help Humanity solve lots of  diseases

 

or create many new. 

06:36 PM Jul 04 2009 |

gkisseberth

Germany

I wonder, when the heck "evolution" did become a "science" overnight 

 

150 years since the publication of Origin of Species and you act like it was an idea he and Wallace had over a few beers last night.  

10:36 PM Jul 04 2009 |

gkisseberth

Germany

If evolution wasn't on the list, I suspect it might be more accpetable to you scientific troglodytes?

10:37 PM Jul 04 2009 |